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(1) Fareed Zakaria, "Why Do They Hate Us?" Newsweek, October 15, 2001.
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(2) Andrew Sullivan, "This Is a Religious War," Mew York Times Magazine, October 7, 2001.
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(3) Thomas Beaudoin, "Catholics, Jews, and Vatican II: A New Beginning," Historical Text Archive, 2003.
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(4) Yossi Klein Halevi, At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 17.
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(5) Nuh Ha Mim Keller, trans., Reliance of the Traveler, rev. ed. (Beltsville, Maryland: Amana Publications, 1994), 943,947.
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(6) Asra Q. Nomani, "Hate at the Local Mosque," New York Times, May 6, 2004.
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(2) Unless otherwise specified, all quotations from the Qur'an are taken from the translation of 'Abdullah Yusuf 'Ali, the most widely accepted English version (The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an: New Edition with Revised Translation, Commentary, and Newly Compiled Comprehensive Index [Beltsville, Maryland: Amana Publications, 2001]). "This is a highly respected work and is considered a standard English rendition by many Muslims" (Michael Sells, Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations, [Ashland Oregon: White Cloud press, 1999], 215-16).
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(3) See for example Suhaib Hasan, An Introduction to the Science of Hadith, (London: Al-Quran Society, 1994).
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(4) Cited in Robert Spencer, Onward Muslim Soldiers (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2003), 134. See also Tafsir Ibn Kathir: "These ayat (verses) allowed fighting people unless, and until, they embrace Islam and implement its rulings and obligations."
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(5) See "Islamic Peace and Harmony" on this web site.
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(6) Syed Abu-Ala' Maududi, Chapter Introductions to the Qur'an. This work is available in many places on the web, including:
http://www.isgr.org/maududi.htm
http://www15.brinkster.com/loislam/surahintro.asp
http://www.shef.ac.uk/~ics/quran/quran/intro/
http://www.nozrul.com/NobleQuran/quran/intro/
http://www.2muslims.com/Quran_and_Hadith/main/index13.html
http://www.albasair.net/ebooks/Quran/source/maududi/
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/maududi/
Maududi's position on this sura is corroborated by W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), 64f and Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (San Francisco, Calif.: HarperCollins, 1992), 132.
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(7) Ibn Warraq, ed., Leaving Islam (Amherst, New York: Prometheus, 2003), 401.
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(1) Suhaib Hasan, An Introduction to the Science of Hadith, (London: Al-Quran Society, 1994).
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(2) Three references to this effect are cited in Robert Spencer, Onward Muslim Soldiers (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2003), 321 note 2. In addition, the fourteenth-century Hanbali scholar Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziya rejected the doctrine of the "greater jihad" and called the hadith on which it is based a "fabrication": see Douglas E. Streusand, "What Does Jihad Mean?" Middle East Quarterly 4, no. 3 (1997).
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(3) Abu Fadl, "Greater and Lesser Jihad," trans. Khalid Saifullah, Nida’ul Islam [The Call of Islam], no. 26, April-May 1999.
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(4) Available at
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/reference/searchhadith.html.
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(5) Quoted in Ibn Warraq, "Virgins? What Virgins?" Guardian Unlimited, January 12, 2002. See also "'72 Black Eyed Virgins': A Muslim Debate on the Rewards of Martyrs," Middle East Media Research Institute, Inquiry and Analysis Series, no. 74, October 30, 2001.
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(6) See "Child Murder Continues" on this web site. Many other examples could be given.
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(7) Terry H. Jones, "Ignatious of Antioch," Catholic Community Forum.
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(8) Abu Ruqaiyah, "The Islamic Legitimacy of the 'Martyrdom Operations'," trans. Hussein El-Chamy, Nida'ul Islam [The Call of Islam], no. 16, December-January 1996-1997.
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(9) Daniel Pipes, "The [Suicide] Jihad Menace," Jerusalem Post, July 27, 2001.
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(10) Ibn Warraq, "Virgins? What Virgins?"
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(1) Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller, rev. ed., trans. Nuh Ha Mim Keller (Beltsville, Maryland: Amana Publications, 1994).
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(2) Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam (Princeton, N.J.: Marcus Wiener Publishers, 1996), 30.
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(3)
Ibid., 44.
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(4) In Bat Ye'or, The Dhimmi (New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985), 161.
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(5) In Bat Ye'or, Islam and Dhimmirude (New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002), 44.
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(6) In Bat Ye'or, The Dhimmi, 162.
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(1) Alfred Guillaume, trans., The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (London: Oxford University Press, 1955; reprint, Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1967). Much of this material is included in F.E. Peters, A Reader on Classical Islam (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994).
Numbers in references to Ibn Ishaq use the original pagination, standard across different editions.
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(2) Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, 1983).
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(3) W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (London: Oxford University Press, 1961). (This is a condensation of his two earlier and very influential works Muhammad at Mecca and Muhammad at Medina, now out of print.)
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(4) Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (San Francisco, Calif.: HarperCollins, 1992).
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(5) Maxime Rodinson, Muhammad, trans. Anne Carter (New York: New Press, 1980).
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(1) Quoted in Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Bood (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979), 122-23. (The incident is omitted in Guillaume's abridged English translation.)
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(2) Ali Sina, "What Happened to the Jews of Medina: Bani Nadir," FaithFreedom.org.
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(3) Armstrong, Muhammad, 207-8.
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(4) Watt, Muhammad, 235.
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(5) Arafat, W.M. "New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (1976), 100-7.
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Israeli-Palestinian Conflict:
Peace with Realism